Do vitamins kill people?
How many people have died from taking vitamins?
It depends. To be exact, it depends on the quality of the science,
and the very nature of scientific research. It is very hard to know
things exactly through science. The waste bin of science is full of
fallen heroes like Premarin, Vioxx and
Avandia (which alone was responsible for 47,000 excess cardiac deaths since it was introduced in 1999).
That brings us to the latest apparent casualty, vitamins. The recent
media hype around vitamins is a classic case of drawing the wrong
conclusions from good science.
Remember how doctors thought that hormone replacement therapy was the
best thing since sliced bread and recommended it to every single
post-menopausal woman? These recommendations were predicated on studies
that found a correlation between using hormones and reduced risk of
heart attacks. But correlation does not prove cause and effect. It
wasn't until we had controlled experiments like the
Women's Health Initiative that we learned Premarin (hormone replacement therapy) was killing women, not saving them.
A new study "proving" that vitamins kill people is hitting front
pages and news broadcasts across the country. This study does not prove
anything.
This latest study from the
Archives of Internal Medicine
of 38,772 women found that "several commonly used dietary vitamin and
mineral supplements may be associated with increased total mortality".
The greatest risk was from taking iron after menopause (which no doctor
would ever recommend in a non-menstruating human without anemia).
The word "may" is critical here, because science is squirrelly. You
only get the answers to the questions you ask. And in this case, they
asked if there was an association between taking vitamins and death in
older woman. This type of study is called an observational study or
epidemiological study. It is designed to look for or "observe"
correlations. Studies like these look for clues that should then lead to
further research. They are not designed to be used to guide clinical
medicine or public health recommendations. All doctors and scientists
know that this type of study does not prove cause and effect.
Why Scientists are Confused
At a recent medical conference, one of most respected scientists of this generation,
Bruce Ames,
made a joke. He said that epidemiologists (people who do
population-based observational studies) have a difficult time with their
job and are easily confused. Dr. Ames joked that in Miami
epidemiologists found everybody seems to be born Hispanic but dies
Jewish. Why? Because if you looked at population data in the absence of
the total history and culture of Florida during a given time, this would
be the conclusion you would draw. This joke brings home the point that
correlation does not equal causation.
Aside from the fact that it flies in the face of an overwhelming body
of research that proves Americans are nutrient deficient as a whole,
and that nutritional supplements can have significant impact in disease
prevention and health promotion, the recent study on vitamins is flawed
in similar ways.
How Vitamins Save Money and Save Lives
Overwhelming basic science and experimental data support the use of
nutritional supplements for the prevention of disease and the support of
optimal health. The
Lewin Group estimated a $24 billion savings over five years if a few basic nutritional supplements were used in the elderly. Extensive literature reviews in the
Journal of the American Medical Association and the
New England Journal of Medicine also support this view. Interventional trials have proven benefit over and over again.
The concept that nutritional supplements "could be harmful" to women
flies in the face of all reasonable facts from both intervention trials
and outcome studies published over the past 40 years. Recent trials
published within the last two years indicate that modest nutritional
supplementation in middle age women found their
telomeres didn't shorten. Keeping your teleomeres (the little end caps on your DNA) long is the hallmark of longevity and reduced risk of disease.
A plethora of experimental controlled studies -- which are the gold
standard for proving cause and effect -- over the last few years found
positive outcomes in many diseases. These include the use of calcium and
vitamin D in women with bone loss; folic acid in people with cervical
dysplasia (pre-cancerous lesions); iron for anemics, B-complex vitamins
to improve cognitive function, zinc; vitamin C, E, and carotenoids to
lower the risk of
macular degeneration, and folate and vitamin B12 to treat
depression. This is but a handful of examples. There are many more.
Why Most Vitamin Studies are Flawed
There is another important thing to understand about clinical trials
that review the utility of vitamins in the treatment of disease. The
studies that show harm are often designed like drugs studies. For
example, a study may use a high dose of vitamin E and see what happens.
This is actually a prescient example also explored in recent media.
Studies recently found that high doses of vitamin E and selenium didn't
prevent prostate cancer and may increase risk. What this study didn't
explore properly was the true biochemical nature of vitamin E and
selenium. These nutrients work as antioxidants by donating an electron
to protect or repair a damaged molecule or DNA. Once this has happened
the molecules become oxidants that can cause more damage if not
supported by the complex family of antioxidants used in the human body.
It's sort of like passing a hot potato. If you don't keep passing it
you will get burned. This study simply failed to take this into account.
Nature doesn't work by giving you only one thing. We all agree that
broccoli is good for you, but if that were all you ate you would die in
short order. The same is true of vitamins.
Nutrients are not drugs and they can't be studied as drugs. They are part of a biological system where all nutrients work as a team to support your biochemical processes.
Michael Jordon may have been the best basketball player in history, but he couldn't have won six NBA titles without a team.
Obesity is Linked to Malnutrition
The tragedy of media attention on poor studies like these is that
they undermine possible solutions to some of the modern health epidemics
we are facing today, and they point attention away from the real
drivers of disease.
Take the case of obesity for example. Paradoxically Americans are becoming both more
obese and more nutrient deficient at the same time. Obese children eating processed
foods are nutrient depleted and increasingly get scurvy and rickets, diseases we thought were left behind in the 19th and 20th centuries.
After treating more than 15,000 patients and performing extensive
nutritional testing on them, it is clear Americans suffer from
widespread nutrient deficiencies including
vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, folate and omega 3 fats. This is supported by the government's
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data on our population. In fact 13 oercent of our population is
vitamin C deficient.
Scurvy in Americans in 2011? Really? But if all you eat is processed
food -- and many Americans do -- then you will be like the British
sailors of the 17th century and get scurvy.
Unfortunately negative studies on vitamins get huge media attention, while the fact that over
100,000 Americans die and 2.2 million suffer serious adverse reactions
from medication use in hospitals when used as prescribed is quietly
ignored. Did you know that anti-inflammatories like aspirin and
ibuprofen kill more people every year than AIDS or asthma or leukemia?
Flaws with the "Vitamins Kill You" Study
So what's the bottom line on this study on vitamins in older white women in Iowa?
After a careful reading of this new study a number of major flaws were identified.
1.
Hormone replacement was not taken into consideration.
Overall the women who took vitamins were a little healthier and
probably more proactive about their health, which led them to use
hormone replacement more often (based on recommendations in place when
this study was done). 13.5 percent of vitamin users also used hormones,
while 7.2 percent of non-vitamin users took hormones. Remember the
Women's Health Initiative Study I mentioned above? It was a randomized
controlled trial that found hormone therapy dramatically increases risk
of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer and death. In this Iowa women's
study on vitamins, the degree of the effect of harm noted from the
vitamins was mostly insignificant for all vitamins except iron (see
below) and calcium (which showed benefit contradicting many other
studies). In fact, the rates of death in this study were lower than
predicted for women using hormone therapy, so in fact the vitamins may
have been protective but the benefit of vitamins was drowned out because
of the harmful effects of hormones in the vitamin users.
2.
Iron should not be given to older women. Older women
should never take iron unless they have anemia. Iron is a known oxidant
and excess iron causes oxidative stress and can lead to cardiovascular
disease and more. This is no surprise, and should not make you stop
taking a multivitamin. If you are an older woman, you simply need to
look for one without iron. Most women's vitamins do not contain it
anyway.
3.
Patient background was ignored. In this
observational study it was not known why people started supplements.
Perhaps it was because of a decline in their health and thus they may
have had a higher risk of death or disease that wasn't associated with
the vitamins they were taking at all. If you had a heart attack or
cancer and then started taking vitamins, of course you are more likely
to die than people without heart attacks or cancer.
4.
The population was not representative. The study
looked only at older white women -- clearly not representative of the
whole population. This makes it impossible to generalize the
conclusions. Especially if you are an obese young African American male
eating the average American diet.
5.
Forms and quality of vitamins were not identified.
There was no accounting for the quality or forms or dosages of the
vitamins used. Taking vitamins that have biologically inactive or
potentially toxic forms of nutrients may limit any benefit observed.
For example
synthetic folic acid can cause cancer, while natural folate is protective.
6.
A realistic comparison between vitamins and other medications as cause of death was not made.
0ver 100,000 people die every year from properly prescribed medication
in hospitals. These are not mistakes, but drugs taken as recommended.
And that doesn't include out of hospital deaths. The
CDC
recently released a report that showed in 2009, the annual number of
deaths (37,485) caused by improper/overprescribing and poor to
non-existent monitoring of the use of tranquilizers, painkillers and
stimulant drugs by American physicians now exceeds both the number of
deaths from motor vehicle accidents (36,284) and firearms (31,228).
In short, this recent study confuses not clarifies, and it has only
served up a dose of media frenzy and superficial analysis. It has left
the consumer afraid, dazed, bewildered and reaching for their next
prescription drug.
Please, be smart, don't stop taking your vitamins. Every American
needs a good quality multivitamin, vitamin D and omega-3 fat supplement.
It is part of getting a
metabolic tune up and keeping your telomeres long!
For more information on
getting a metabolic tune up see
www.drhyman.com.
To your good health,
Mark Hyman, MD
Mark Hyman, M.D. is a practicing physician, founder of The UltraWellness Center, a four-time New York Times bestselling author, and an international leader in the field of Functional Medicine. You can follow him on Twitter, connect with him on LinkedIn, watch his videos on YouTube, become a fan on Facebook, and subscribe to his newsletter.
Article from Huffington Post